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Среда́ рабо́чего стола́ (также графическое окружение рабочего стола, англ. desktop environment) — разновидность графических интерфейсов пользователя, основанная на метафоре рабочего стола.
Такая среда обеспечивает пространство, называемое рабочим столом, на котором появляются окна, пиктограммы, панели и другие элементы. Обычно поддерживаются механизмы, объединяющие разные части среды, — например, drag-n-drop (перенос данных между окнами с помощью указательного устройства). Назначение рабочего окружения — создание интуитивного способа взаимодействия пользователя с компьютером.
GNOME
KDE Plasma 4
KDE Plasma 5
Xfce
Cinnamon
MATE
Unity
LXDE
EDE
OpenWindows
Ambient desktop
Mezzo
ROX Desktop
CDE
Project Looking Glass
Budgie
Deepin DE
Elokab
Étoilé
Innova Desktop
Lumina
Moksha
Pantheon
Razor-qt
theShell
Sugar
vera
Trinity
LXQt
Самыми распространёнными средами рабочего стола являются Explorer (ОС Microsoft Windows) и Aqua (Apple OS X). В Unix-подобных операционных системах наиболее популярными, использующими X Window System, являются KDE, GNOME, Xfce и LXDE.
Менее известные среды рабочего стола: Aston, BB4Win, BBlean, Cairo, Cinnamon, Geoshell, Chroma, Emerge Desktop, elk, FVWM-Crystal, GEM, LiteStep, MATE, Microsoft Bob, Norton Desktop, OpenWindows, Packard Bell Navigator, Program Manager, Project Looking Glass, Ratposion, SEAL, Secure Desktop, SharpE, Talisman Desktop, WinStep, Workbench, UDE, XFast, Xito и многие другие.
Менеджеры окон X Window System, используемые отдельно от какой-либо среды рабочего стола, зачастую включают элементы, схожие с элементами сред рабочего стола. Наиболее характерным примером может быть Enlightenment или Openbox. Менеджеры окон Window Maker и AfterStep, в свою очередь, напоминают интерфейс Nextstep.
В системах с X Window System понятие «Среда рабочего стола» более гибкое. В этом контексте среда рабочего стола состоит из менеджера окон (например, Metacity или KWin), файлового менеджера (например, Nautilus или Dolphin), набор тем, программ и библиотек. Любой из этих модулей может быть заменён и индивидуально настроен для достижения нужной комбинации, но большинство сред используют подходящие для большинства пользователей настройки.
| Name | First release date | Latest stable release | Latest stable release date | Programming language | Graphical toolkit | License | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cinnamon | 2011 | 4.2 | 2019-07-25 | C, JavaScript, Python | GTK+ | GPL | Forked from GNOME 3 with the intent to create a traditional desktop built on modern technologies. |
| Deepin Desktop Environment (DDE) | 2015 | 2019-07-19 | C++ | Qt | GPL | The desktop environment of Linux deepin. | |
| Enlightenment (E) | 1997 | 0.22.4 | 2018-08-28 | C | EFL | BSD license | Complete environment including centralized configuration of most settings. |
| Equinox Desktop Environment (EDE) | 2003-01-06 | 2014-06-21 | C++ | FLTK | GPL, LGPL | Seldom used environment, has seen little activity in recent years. | |
| Étoilé | 2006-02-22 | 2012-04-11 | Objective-C | GNUstep | MIT, BSD license | Has seen little activity for several years, the last journal entry having been in 2014. | |
| GNOME | 1999-03-03 | 3.32 | 2019-03-13 | C, C++, Vala, Python, JavaScript | GTK+ | GPL, LGPL | GNOME is one of the most popular environments. Major design changes with the 3.0 release sparked the creation of Cinnamon (a fork of GNOME 3), Unity (an alternative Gnome Desktop Session to GNOME Shell) and MATE (a fork of GNOME 2). |
| KDE Plasma 5 (KDE5, KDE Plasma Workspaces, formerly K Desktop Environment or simply KDE) | 1998-07-12 | 5.16 | 2019-06-11 | C++, QML | Qt | LGPL | KDE has a strong and enthusiastic following. The project is largely community-centric, and encompass many other applications and frameworks, many built specifically for KDE. |
| LXDE (Lightweight X11 Desktop Environment) | 2006 | 0.10.0 | 2019-03-23 | C | GTK+ | GPL, LGPL | LXDE, with its low resource footprint, is a favorite among developers of lighter-weight Linux distributions. Development has largely moved to LXQt, but it is still maintained. |
| LXQt | 2014-05-07 | 0.14.1 | 2019-02-26 | C, C++ | Qt | GPL, LGPL | Formed by a merger of LXDE-Qt and Razor-qt, this is a lightweight Qt-based desktop environment. |
| MATE | 2011-08-19 | 1.22 | 2019-03-18 | C, C++, Python | GTK+ | LGPL, GPL | Revival and continuation of GNOME 2 environment after the release of GNOME 3. In recent releases, it has been ported to GTK+ 3, demonstrating the progress of the project. |
| Pantheon | 2011 | 2018-10-16 | Vala | GTK+ | GPL | ||
| Razor-qt | 2010 | 0.5.2 | 2013-01-12 | C++ | Qt | GPL | merged into LXQt |
| ROX Desktop | 2000 (?) | 2011-10-09 | C, Python | GTK+ | GPL | ||
| Trinity Desktop Environment (TDE) | 2010-04-29 | 2018-08-18 | C++ | Qt | GPL (and other) | forked from KDE 3.x | |
| Unity | 2010-06-09 | 7.5 | 2016-05-25 | C, C++, Python, Vala, QML | GTK+ | GPL, LGPL | Developed by Canonical for Ubuntu as an alternative graphical shell to GNOME Shell. Designed with "convergence" in mind, it was discontinued by Canonical in early 2017. |
| Xfce | 1996 | 4.14 | 2019-08-12 | C | GTK+ | GPL, LGPL, BSD license | XFCE is often used in lightweight distributions targeting lower-end hardware. |
This table shows basic information on the programs distributed with some desktop environments for the X Window System.
| KDE Software Compilation | GNOME | Mate | Xfce | LXDE | ROX Desktop | Étoilé | EDE | Enlightenment | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| X window manager | KWin | Mutter | Marco | Xfwm4 | Openbox | OroboROX | Azalea | edewm | Enlightenment |
| X display manager | KDM, SDDM | GDM | LXDM | elma | Entrance | ||||
| File manager | Dolphin (Konqueror before SC 4) | Files | Caja | Thunar | PCManFM | ROX Filer | Efiler | EFM, Entropy | |
| Widget toolkit | Qt |
|
GTK+(legacy) / Qt | GTK+ | GNUstep | FLTK (previously eFLTK) | Elementary | ||
| Terminal emulator | Konsole | GNOME Terminal | MATE Terminal | Terminal | LXTerminal | ROXTerm | aterm | Terminology | |
| Text editor | KWrite (Kate before SC 4) | gedit | Pluma | Mousepad, Leafpad | Leafpad | Edit | TextEdit | Eyesight, Ecrire | |
| Video player | Dragon Player (Kaffeine before SC 4) | Videos | Parole | lxine | mplayer-rox | Enna (media center), Eclair | |||
| Audio player | JuK, Amarok | Banshee, Rhythmbox | LXMusic | MusicBox | Melodie | Enjoy | |||
| CD burners | K3b | Brasero | Xfburn | RoxISO | |||||
| CD ripper | K3b, KAudioCreator | Sound Juicer | Ripper | Extrackt | |||||
| Image viewer | Gwenview | Eye of GNOME | Eye of MATE | Ristretto | GPicView | Picky | Eimage | Ephoto | |
| Office suite | Calligra Suite, KOffice | GnomeOffice | |||||||
| Web browser | Konqueror, Falkon | Web | Midori | Eve | |||||
| E-mail client | Kmail | Evolution | GNUMail | ||||||
| Personal information manager | Kontact | Contacts | |||||||
| Instant messenger | Kopete, KDE Telepathy | Empathy | Shotgun | ||||||
| Archive manager | Ark | Archive Manager | Engrampa | Xarchiver, Squeeze | Xarchiver | Archive | |||
| PDF viewer | Okular (KPDF before SC 4) | Evince | Atril | Vindaloo | Epdf | ||||
| IDE | KDevelop | Anjuta | Gorm, ProjectCenter | EDI | |||||
| X session manager | ksmserver | gnome-session | mate-session | Xfce4-session | LXSession | ROX-Session | |||
| Widget engine | built-in – Plasma (SuperKaramba before SC 4) | gDesklets | Elementary | ||||||
| Licenses used | GPL, LGPL, BSD, others | GPL, LGPL | GPL, LGPL | GPL, LGPL, BSD | GPL, LGPL | GPL | GPL, BSD | GPL, LGPL | BSD, LGPL |
| KDE Software Compilation | GNOME | MATE | Xfce | LXDE | ROX Desktop | Étoilé | EDE | Enlightenme | |
